Sources – Science
Scientific Source #112 – Report
“In this first pairing, the spermatozoon has contributed its 23 chromosomes, and the oocyte has contributed its 23 chromosomes, thus re-establishing the necessary total of 46 chromosomes. The result is the conception of a unique individual, unlike any that has been born before and unlike any that will ever be born again.” 112 112 Krieger,…
Read MoreScientific Source #111 – Report
“Development begins at fertilization, when a sperm unites with an oocyte to form a zygote (from the Greek zygotus, meaning “yoked together”). Each of us started life as a cell called a zygote.” 111 111 Moore, K., The Developing Human 1, 12 (2d. ed. 1977) (cited in The Human Life Bill: Report on S. 158…
Read MoreScientific Source #110 – Peer-Reviewed Article
“Such activity is particularly important at the beginning of human life, i.e. at fertilization, immediately after and at the very onset of embryonic development.” 110 110 Ménézo Y, Dale B, Cohen M. DNA damage and repair in human oocytes and embryos: a review. Zygote. 2010 Nov;18(4):357-65, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20663262.
Read MoreScientific Source #109 – Article
“In sexual reproduction, sex cells (gametes) from two parents combine in the process of fertilization, leading to the formation of a new, genetically distinct individual.” 109 109 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/meiosis/a/sexual-life-cycles.
Read MoreScientific Source #108 – Book
“Chapter 7. Fertilization: Beginning a new organism.” 108 108 Gilbert, S.F., Developmental Biology, 6th Edition, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9983.
Read MoreScientific Source #107 – Peer-Reviewed Article
“Since fertilization involves the forming of a new constellation of DNA in the zygote . . . [t]his privileges fertilization above the other possible scientifically valued times when ‘human life’ begins.” 107 107 Gilbert, S.F. & Howes-Mischel, R., ‘Show Me Your Original Face Before You Were Born’: The Con-vergence of Public Fetuses and Sacred DNA,…
Read MoreScientific Source #106 – Peer-Reviewed Article
“Fertilization is a matter of life or death. In animals of sexual reproduction, the appropriate communication between mature and competent male and female gametes determines the generation of a new individual.” 106 106 Darszon A, Labarca P, Nishigaki T, Espinosa F. Ion channels in sperm physiology. Physiol Rev. 1999 Apr;79(2):481-510, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10221988.
Read MoreScientific Source #105 – Peer-Reviewed Article
“Fertilization is a fundamental process in sexual reproduction, creating a new individual through the combination of male and female gametes.” 105 105 Ohto U, Ishida H, Krayukhina E, Uchiyama S, Inoue N, Shimizu T. Structure of IZUMO1-JUNO reveals sperm-oocyte recognition during mammalian fertilization. Nature. 2016 Jun 23;534(7608):566-9, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27309808.
Read MoreScientific Source #104 – Peer-Reviewed Article
“Every animal grows from a single fertilized egg into an intricate network of cell types and organ systems.” 104 104 McKenna A, Gagnon JA. Recording development with single cell dynamic lineage tracing. Development. 2019 Jun 27;146(12):dev169730. doi: 10.1242/dev.169730. PMID: 31249005; PMCID: PMC6602349, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31249005.
Read MoreScientific Source #103 – Peer-Reviewed Article
“Fertilization is a stepwise process that allows two mature gametes to reach each other, fuse and eventually give rise to a new individual.” 103 103 Muratori M, Luconi M, Marchiani S, Forti G, Baldi E. Molecular markers of human sperm functions. Int J Androl. 2009 Feb;32(1):25-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00875.x. Epub 2008 Feb 20. PMID: 18298567, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18298567.
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